Innovative Lesson Template
Name of the teacher : Krishna Priya K
Name of the school : Chemmanthoor H.S.
Name of the subject : Social Science
Name of the unit : Ip´-\mSv ˛ Imbepw P\-Po-hn-Xhpw
Name of the topic : amdp∂ Ip´-\mSv
Standard : VIII
Division : B
Strength : 24/26
Duration : 45 an\n´v
Date : 25/06/2014
Curricular Statement
To develop different dimensions of knowledge on the techniques of 'Marunna Kuttanadu' through group discussion,
lecturing etc and evaluating by questioning and participation in group discussion, presentation etc.
Learning outcomes
Cu ]mT-`mKw ]Tn-®p-I-gn-™m¬ Ip´n
1. Ip´-\m-´nse ]g-b-Ime Irjn-coXn hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw
2. XÆo¿ap°w _≠pw tXm´-Π≈n kv]n¬thbpw F¥m-sW∂v Hm¿Øv ]d-bm≥ km[n°pw
3. Ip´-\m-´nse aen-\o-I-cW {]iv\-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
4. Ip´-\m-´nse ]gbIme Irjn-co-Xnbpw ]pXn-b-Ime Irjn-co-Xnbpw Xcw-Xn-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw.
Content Analysis
Terms
ap´-°m¿, the-°-Sw, HmW-Π-Wn-°m¿, tXm´-Π≈n kv]n¬th, XÆo¿ap°w _≠v
Names
˛
Place
Ip´-\m-Sv, tIc-fw, Be-Πp-g, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, sIm®n, XÆo¿ap-°w, Imbw-Ip-fw, tXm´-Π≈n
Year
1995, 1951, 1974, 1920, 1930
Fact
¨ Irjn-`qan h¿≤-Πn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Imb¬ \nI-Øm≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv Ip´-\m-´n¬ am‰-߃°v XpS°w
Ipdn-®Xv
¨ Ip´-\m-´p-Im-cpsS `£-W-Øn¬ a’yw, Xmdm-hp-ap-´, amwkw, I°-bn-d®n F∂nh {][m-\-am-Wv.
¨ Ip´-\m-´nse sh≈-sΠm-°-Øn\v imiz-X-amb ]cn-lmcw ImWp-I-sb∂ Dt±-i-tØmsS \S-Πn-em-°nb ]≤-XnbmWv
tXm´-Π≈n kv]n¬th
¨ Ip´-\m-´nse Hmcp-sh-≈-Øn\v imiz-X-]-cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn XÆo¿ap°w _≠v \S-Πm-°n-bXv.
¨ imkv{X kmt¶-XnI cwKsØ ]ptcm-KXn Ip´-\m-S≥ Irjn-°p-\¬Inb ]n¥pW hf-sc-h-ep-Xm-Wv.
¨ XÆo¿ap°w _≠v h∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn thº-\m´v Imb-ens‚ sXt°m-´p≈ `mK-߃ ip≤-P-em-ibambn amdp-Ibpw sh≈-
Øns‚ kz`m-hn-I Hgp°v \„-sΠ´v sI´n-°n-S-°m≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
¨ Imb¬ Pe-Øn¬ Ib¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb sXm≠v Nobp-Ibpw Pe-a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p-∂p-≠v.
¨ sh\o-kn-ep-≈-Xp-t]mse tXmSp-Ifpw Imb-ep-Ifpw D≈-Xp-sIm≠v Be-Πp-gsb Ing-°ns‚ sh\okv F∂p hnti-jn-Πn-
°p∂p
Concept
Ip´-\mSv A∂pw C∂pw
PRE-REQUISITES
¨ tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw henb Imb-emWv thº-\m-´p-Im-b¬, Cu Imb-ens‚ Ic-`m-K-ß-fn¬ Ip´-\mSv hym]n®p InS-°p-∂p
F∂ hnhcw Ip´nbv°v Adn-bmw.
¨ Ip´-\m-´n¬ sh≈-sΠm-°hpw Hmcp-sh-≈hpw Irjnbv°v \mi-ap-≠m-°p-s∂∂v Ip´nbv°v [mc-W-bp≠v
¨ Ip´-\m-´nse ]g-b-Ime Irjn-co-Xn-bn¬ am‰w h∂n-´p-s≠∂v Ip´n a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
TEACHING - LEARNING RESOURCES
¨ Ip´-\m-Sn-s\-Π-‰n-bp≈ IhnX DƒsΠ-Sp-Ønb Nm¿´v
¨ Ip´-\m-Sp-ambn _‘-sΠ´ {]Z{]-iv\-a-S-ßnb BOEn-hn‰n Im¿Uv
¨ Ip´-\m-´nse Irjn-co-Xnsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ \mS-Iw.
TEACHING LEARNING INTERACTION PROCEDURE
Classroom interaction procedure Pupil’s response
A[ym-]nI A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp-sIm≠v ¢m n-te°v {]th-in-°p-∂p.
Ip´n-Ifp-ambn kulr-Z-kw-`m-jWw \S-Øn-b-tijw Ip´n-I-fpsS ap∂-dnhv
]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
\n߃°v \mS≥ ]m´p-Iƒ C„-amtWm?
AXp ]mtS≠ coXn \n߃°-dn-bmtam? F√m-h¿°pw Du¿÷w e`n-°m≥
\ap°p Hcp \mS≥]m-t´m-Sp-IqSn ¢m v Bcw-`n-°mw. Ip´n-I-fn¬\n∂pw
Hcmsf £Wn-°p-I-bpw, A[ym-]nI Hcp \mS≥]m´v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXtijw
Ip´n a‰p-≈-h¿°v sNm√n-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ Xmf-Ønepw CuWØnepw
AXv Bh¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Irjn-¸m´v
am¿Ign-amkw Ign™p
a™p-Imew apØp-h∂p
amcn-sb√mw t]mbv ad™p
th\¬ sas√-tb-dnh∂p
s\¬hn-fbpw I≠-sa√mw
hnf-hp-sIm≠p N¥-am≠p
I¨Ip-fn¿°pw s\≥a-Wn-Iƒ
s]m≥a-Wn-t]m¬ Xqßn-\n¬]q
XntØmw XntØmw ssXXntØmw
XmssX ssX ssX XntØmw
amkw ]eXpw Ig-™mepw ]ns∂bpw
X{ºms‚ apJØp tIm]w Xs∂
sImbvØp-Imew Ign-™m¬ ]Sn-Πpc
tIdn-bm¬ X{ºm\p Xo≠-em-Wv.....''
\mS≥]m´v sNm√n-s°m-Sp-Ø-t»jw A[ym-]nI Cu \mS≥]m-´ns‚
Bibw N¿®-sN-øm≥ Bh-iy-sΠ-Sp-Ibpw {][m\ Bi-b-߃
Is≠Øn ]g-b-Im-e-Ir-jnsb°pdn®v {KqΠp-I-fp-ambn IpdnΠv Xømdm-°
m≥ Bh-iy-sΠ-Sp-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ°v klm-b-Øn-\mbn kqN-\-Ifpw
A[ym-]nI \¬Ip-∂p.
{]h¿Ø\w 2
Ip´-\m-Sp-ambn _‘-sΠ´ {][m\ khn-ti-jXIfpƒsΠ-Sp-Ønb
]Z-{]iv\w BOEn-hn‰n Im¿Un¬ A[ym-]nI \¬Ip-∂p. XpS¿∂v {KqΠp-
I-fmbn AXn¬ \¬Inb \n¿t±i{]Imcw ]qcn-Πn-°m\pw Bh-iysΠ-
Sp-∂p.
tNmZy-߃
he-tØm´v
1. tIc-f-Øns‚ s\√-d-sb-∂-dn-b-sΠ-Sp∂ {]tZ-i-taXv?
2. Ip´-\mSv GXv `q{]-tZ-i-Øn¬ DƒsΠ-´-XmWv?
3. Hmcp-sh≈w XS-bp-hm-\mbn ÿm]n® _≠v
4. PΣn-˛-Ip-Sn-bm≥ hyh-ÿ-b-\p-k-cn®v \ne-hn¬ h∂ \nbaw
Xmtgm´v
5. h≈ßfn¬ ]e-N-c°v km[-\-߃ sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂ Bƒ
6. Ip´-\m-Sns‚ kmln-Xy-Im-c≥
7. PΣn-amcpsS ASnbmfΣmsc F¥p-hn-fn-°p∂p?
8. Hcp-]d hnØp-hn-X-®m¬ e`n-°p∂ s\√ns‚ Af-hmWv
9. Pe-N-{I-Øn\v ]Icw C∂v
5
1
2
4 9
7 8
3
6
]Z-{]iv\w
{]h¿Ø\w 3
C∂sØ Irjn-co-Xnbpw ]≠p\ne\n∂ Irjn-co-Xnbpw IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-
Im\pw C∂sØ I¿j-I¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ imkv{X kmt¶-XnI {]tbm-Khpw
Irjnsb Fßs\ _m[n-°p-∂p, CXn-\mbn A[ym-]n-I-bpsS ]n≥Xp-W-tbmsS Ip´n-
Iƒ Hcp-sN-dp-\m-SIw ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-Πn-°p-∂p.
(Xangv\m´nse ]®-°-dntØm-´-Ønepw ap¥ncntØm´-Ønepw hnjw Xfn-°p∂
Nn{Xhpw AXns‚ amcI kz`m-hhpw hm¿Ø-bn¬ I≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ “i¶-c-Πn-
≈-”]IpXn Bfl-K-Xhpw ]IpXn hna¿i-\-hp-ambn Dd-s°Πd™p )
i¶-cΠn≈ : Nmhs´ F√mw NØp Xpe-b-s´, tZlw A\-ßmsX Imepw \o´nbn-
cn-°p-∂p. Xn∂p∂ F√mw Nmh-s´.
(i¶-c-Πn-≈-bpsS Aa¿jhpw ]cn-`-hhpw tI´v aI≥ tNmZn-°p∂p)
aI≥ : A—≥ Bscbm ]ncm-Ip-∂Xv ?
(Ac \q‰m-≠mbn Irjn-ΠWn sNbvXp Xf¿∂ i¶-c-Πn≈
IenXp≈n \n¬°p-Ibm)
A—≥ : \ns∂-sbm-s°-bm, Hcp ]b¿a-Wn-t]mepw Ipgn-®n-Sm-sX-hnjw Xn∂p-
∂-h¿ NmIm-sX¥p sNøpw ?
aI≥ : A—≥ shdpsX apjn-b-≠. A—s‚ Ime-sØ-tΠmse C∂p IrjnsN-
øm≥ ]‰ptam ? A∂v Fcp-Øn¬ \ndsb Imf-Iƒ, ]q´m≥
shfp-Øn-c\pw IÆm-c-\pw. NmW-Ihpw tXmepw Npa-°m≥ N°ncbpw
Nncp-X-bpw. F∂pw F√m-scbpw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°m≥ In´ptam ?
A—≥ : \n¿sØ-Sm............
(Nph-∂p-Xp-SpØ apJ-hp-ambn hm¿≤Iyw ad∂v i¶-c-Πn≈ Itk-cbn
¬\n∂v Fgpt∂¬°m≥ {iaw \SØn),
shfp-Øo-c\pw Nncp-Xbpw am{X-am-√, Cu i¶-c\pw \ns‚ X≈bpw
Ah¿s°mΠw D≠m-bn-cp∂p ]q´m\pw Npa-°m\pw I™n-bp-≠m-
°m-\p-sam-s°, CuI-≠-sX√mw tNdn¬\n∂v D≠m-°n-b-Xm, \o ]Tn-
®-Xpw-, h-enb DtZymK-ÿm-\m-b-tΠmƒ aÆns\ ad∂v, A[zm-\sØ
ad∂v hmN-I-a-Sn-°p∂ tIa≥.
aI≥ : A—\v tZjyw hcm≥ ]d-™-X-√, Imew amdn CXv Iºyq-´¿ bpKam-
Wv. G.-kn. dqan-en-cp∂v e£-߃ kºm-Zn-°p-∂n-t√.....
(ap-gp-hn-°m≥ kΩ-Xn-®n-√)
A—≥ : C∂v e£-߃ D≠m-°p-∂-sX-¥n\m? Kpfn-I-hm-ßm≥, ss_Πmkn\
v, InUv\n am‰n-h-bv°m≥, _nh-td-Pn¬ sImSp°m≥.
aI≥ : P\w s]cp-In-bm¬ Xn∂s≠, AXyp-ev]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp≈ hnf-Iƒ
tht≠?
IoS-ßsf sIm√t≠? thZm¥w ]d-™m¬ hb-dp-\n-d-bptam? (a-
I\pw NqSp-]n-Sn-®p)
]gb ssPh-h-fhpw sNºmhpw Hs° C\n thW-sa∂p hnNm-cn-
®m¬....
A—≥ : th≠, H∂pw th≠, B{‘bn¬\n∂pw Acn-hcp∂Xpw t\m°n...
Xan-gv\m-´n¬ \n∂v ]®-°-dnbpw, tImgn-bpw, Acn-bpw, hmg-h-≈nhsc
hcp-∂Xpw t\m°n-bn-cn-°mw. \n߃°n-sXms° \√ cpNnbm...
]s£, Fs∂tΠmep-≈-h¿°nXv KXn-tI-Sp-sIm-≠m.....
aI≥ : Rm≥ tXm‰p, \new Irjn-sN-øm-sa∂p Icp-Xn-bm¬ B¿°pw-th≠
Hcn-°¬ sNbvXp sImømsX InS∂tXm-Ω-bnt√?
A—≥ : AXp icn-bm... F√mw apSn-bm-\p≈ e£-W-am. Rm≥ \ns∂ Ip‰w
]d-™-X-√. aÆns\ kvt\ln® Hcp ]g-a-\- ns‚ ZpxJw ]d-™Xm
kmc-an-√. F√mw Xncn-®p-h-cpw, ht∂ Xocq.. ImWm≥ Rm\p-≠m-hns√∂
p am{Xw.
\mS-I-Øn-\p-tijw {KqΠp-I-fmbn \mS-I-Ønse {][m\ Bibw ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-Πn-
°m≥ \n¿t±iw \¬Ip-∂p. tijw A[ym-]nI ¢mkv t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
CONSOLIDATION
tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw henb Imb-emWv thº-\m´v Imb¬. Cu Imb-ens‚ Ic-`m-K-ß-fn¬ Ip´-\mSv hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂p.
Ip´-\m-Sns‚ {][m\ sXmgn-emWv Irjn, ]s£ Hmcp-sh-≈hpw sh≈-sΠm-°hpw Irjnsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®p.
AXn\v imizX ]cn-lmcw tXSm-\mWv XÆo¿ap-°w-≠pw tXm´-Π≈n kv]n¬thbpw bYm-{Iaw \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. imkv{Xkm-
t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn Ip´-\m-S≥ Irjn-°p-\¬Inb ]n≥XpW hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. ]ºp-sk-‰v, cmk-h-fw, IoS-
\m-in\n F∂nh CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Ip´-\m-´p-Im-cpsS `£-W-Øn¬ a’yw, Xmdm-hp-ap-´, amwkw, I°-bn-d®n F∂nh
{][m-\-am-Wv. Irjn°v ]pdta Ip´-\m-´p-Im¿ a’y--‘-\w, Xmdmhp Irjn, ]mb s\bvØv, I≈p-sN-Øv, Ib¿ hyhkmbw
F∂o sXmgn-ep-Ifpw sNøp-∂p, tijw A[ym-]nI ¢m v t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
FORMATIVE EVALUATION PROCEDURE
Review questions
1. Ip´-\m-´nse Irjnsb _m[n-°p∂ {][m\ LS-I-߃ Fs¥√mw?
2. Irjn°v ]pdta Ip´-\m-´p-Im¿ thº-\m-´p-Im-b-ens\ Fß-s\-sb√mw {]tbm-P-\-sΠ-Sp-Øp-∂Xv?
3. imkv{X kmt¶-XnI cwKsØ anIhv Irjnsb Fß-s\-sb√mw kzm[o-\n®p?
FOLLOWUP ACTIVITY
\nß-fpsS {]tZ-isØ P\-߃ {]Ir-Xn-bnse ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-∂p-sIm≠v PohnXw sI´n-Π-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-߃
Is≠Øn Fgp-XpI

Story

Ip«-\m-S³ IÀj-I³

Ip«-\m-Snsâ CXn-lm-k-Im-c\mb XI-gn-bpsS ‘Xl-knÂZm-cpsS ANvO³’ F¶ IY-bpsS kzX{´ ]p\cmJym\w.

SUBMITTED TO
Ms Sreena Sreedhar                                              
Lecturer in Social science       

SUBMITTED BY:
Krishna priya.K
BEd Social science

Mannam Memorial Training College, Viladkkudy

Candidate code:13354003

Ip«-\m-S³ IÀj-I³

sXbvtXmw sXbvtXmw.... sXbvsXbvtXmw...

sXbvtXmw sXbvtXmw.... sXbvsXbvtXmw…

     tIi-h-imcv ]Xnhv ]m«v Bcw-`n-¨p. shffw tXhm³ N{Iw Nhn-«p-t¼mÄ Xmf-¯n\v ]mSp¶ ]m«v B Np­n kZm-I-fn-bm-Sn-bn-cp-¶p. D¨-I-gn-ªm ]m«v C½nWn IqSp-sa¶p am{Xw. Ipsd Znh-k-§-fmbn tIi-h-imsc {i²n-¡p¶ tKm]³ C¶v Imc-W-h-cp-ambn Hcp CâÀhyq-X-c-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. kq£w t]mse Ih-e-bn h¨p I­Xp \¶m-bn. tKm]³ Hcp {^nemâv sPÀW-en-Ìm-Wv. tIc-f-¯nsâ s\Ã-d-bmb Ip«-\m-Sns\¡pdn-s¨mcp ^o¨À X¿m-dm-¡m³ Ignª Hcm-gvN-bmbn Cu ]cn-k-c-s¯ms¡ k©-cn¨v ]e-tcbpw CâÀhyq sNbvXp. F¶m Hcp IÀj-Is\ B coXn-bn H¶p In«n-bn-t¸m-gmWv tKm]³ tIi-h-imÀs¡m-¸-sa-¯n, Imc-W-hsc H¶p \n¡v Ft§m«mWn{X thK-¯n þ Fgp-]-Xp-h-bkp tXm¶n-¡p¶ hr²sâ thK-X-bnepw Npdp-Np-dp-¡nepw tKm]\v Akqb tXm¶n.

tIi-h-im-cev]w Kuc-h-¯n C§s\ ]d-ªp-þ-]-¸sâ ASp¯v It¨-cn-bnÂ, Xl-knÂZmÀ ]¸³ Fsâ tam\m.... kzXth Aev]w \ofw Ipd-hmb tIi-h-imÀ¡v Hcp apgw \ofw IqSn-sb¶p tXm¶n ‘ Fsâ tam\m’F¶p ]d-ª-t¸mÄ HcNvOsâ Al-¦m-cw.

the-t¯mÀ¯pw ]mf-s¯m-¸nbpw thjw-þ-ap-dp-¡n-¨p-h-¸n-¨v, c­p-aq¶v sXm®m³ Iffpw AI-¯m-¡n-bmtWm It¨-cn¡v F¶p tNmZn-¡-W-sa¶v tKm]-\p-tXm-¶n, ]t£ ]n¶oSv ths­¶p h¨p, C§s\ tNmZn¨p “Cu thj-¯ntem ?”Mm..... thj-¯n-s\´m Ipd-hv, CX-ÃmsX Hcp thjw Rm\n-«n-«n-Ã. C\nbpw F\n-¡n-Xp-a-Xn. Bs« Rm\pw It¨-cn¸Snhsc IqsS \S-¡-s«, Imcyw ]d-ªp-t]m-Imw.... Imc-W-hÀ Hcp hn[w k½-Xn-¨p.

        IpSpw-_s¯ Ipdn-¨mImw BZy tNmZy-sa¶v tKm]³ Icp-Xn. C§s\ tNmZn-¨p.

        ]¸³ am{X-ta-bp-tffm aI-\m-bn«v ?

        tNmZyw Imc-W-h\v ]nSn-¨n-söv apJw ]d-ªp.

        ]¸-\Ã ]ß-\m-`³ þ Xl-knÂZmÀ ]ß-\m-`³.

]¸³ F¶ Npcp-¡-t¸cv Imc-W-hÀ¡p am{X-ap-ffXmsW¶v a\-Ên-em¡n tKm]³ Ipä-k-½Xw \S-¯n. H¸w hb-ksâ ImÀ¡iyw a\-kn-temÀ¯p A`n-\bw \¶m-b-t¸mÄ Imc-W-hÀ ]dªp XpS-§n. ]¸-\p-­mbt¸mÄ AhÄ t]mbn. ]¯v \m¸Xp hÀjw ap¼v Ip«-\m-Sn-¶-t¯-Xà hffw am{Xw h­n-bn-Ã, tdmUn-Ã. hf-f-an-d-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ tImcn-s¨m-cn-bp¶ ag-b¯v Hcp IÀ¡n-SI cm{Xn-bn-emWv AhÄ t]mb-Xv. C¶m-bn-cp-s¶-¦n Fsâ NncpX F\n¡p XpW-bm-bp-­m-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶p. tIi-h-im-cpsS I®p-IÄ \nd-ªp. Hcp {KmaoW IÀj-Isâ \nÀ½e lrZ-bhpw \nÊ-lm-b-Xbpw B I®p-\o-cn {]Xn-^-en-¨p. Bs« C{X sNdp-¸-am-bn-cp-¶n«pw asämcp hnhm-lw..... apgp-an-¸n-¡m³ Imc-W-hÀ k½-Xn-¨nÃm ‘CÃ’ ...... FÃmcpw ]d-ªp. ]n¶o-sS-\n-s¡mcp e£yta D­m-bn-cp-s¶m-f-fq. ]¸s\ henb Bfm-¡p-I, hb-kp-Im-e¯v Ah-t\m-sSm¸w Pohn-¡pI AXp-a-Xn... AXp-a-Xn.... FhnsStbm Hcp hn§Â Hfn¨p hbv¡p-¶-Xmbn tKm]\p tXm¶n. ‘AXp-aXn’F¶ BhÀ¯\w AXmWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX¶v kv]jvSw. ]s£ NÀ¨ B hgn¡v t]msI-­¶p IcpXn ASp¯ tNmZy-¯n-te¡p IS-¶p. Bs« F´m-bn-cp¶p sXmgn ? tKm]s\ sR«n¨p-sIm­v Imc-W-hÀ Hc-e-dn-¨n-cnþ sNa¶ sXm®m³ t]mse tXm¶n apdp-¡n-¨p-h-¸n¨ ]Ãn-Ãm¯ hmb Xpd-¶p-ff¨ncn. Ip«-\m-«n F´m sXmgn F¶p tNmZn-¡m³ tam³ GXp tZi-¡m-c\m ? Irjn. Irjn-b-ÃmsX F´p sXmgn ? s\ÂIr-jn, shf-fhpw hfhpw Xmdm-hp-ambn¡nS-¡p¶ Cu t\ms¡¯m Zqcw tam³ I­ntà ? ag-sb¶p ian-¨m ]ns¶ R§Ä tNdnse¡n-d-§p-I-bm-bn. C¶Ã A¶v A¼Xv sImÃw ap¼v. hb-k\v ckw ]nSn-¨p. X{´-]qÀÆw Imc-W-hsc ASp¯p I­ Ie-§-fn Ccp-¯n, `{Z-ambn tI«p-\n-¶p, FÃmw tS¸p sN¿p-sa-¶p-d-¸m-¡n. Imc-W-hÀ DÕm-l-t¯msS XpSÀ¶p.

        A¶v C¶-s¯-t¸mse b{´-§-fn-Ã. a\p-jyÀ am{Xw henb tNäm-b-am-b-Xn-\m sNfn-s¡m¸w tNdn tNdp-a-dn¨v R§Ä \ne-sam-cp¡pw, hc¼v hbv¡pw. F¡-e-Sn-bp-¶-Xn-\m hfw tNt¡-­. Gähpw henb tPmen shf-f-an-d¡pw shffw Ib-äp-am-Wv. c­n\pw N{Iw Nhn-«-Ww. tZ B ImWp¶ Bdp ]Ãp-ff N{Iw Icbv¡v ac-¨p-h-«n Ccn-¡p¶ I­ntà ? c­p aS-en³ IpdptI h¨ I¼n N{Iw Øm]n¨v ASp-¯mbn Db-c-¯n-ep-ff I¼n-en-cp¶v shbnepw sImf-fmsX Hme-a-SÂsIm­v XW sI«n Hmtcm ]Ãn-enepw Nhn«n shffw tXhp¶ ]Wn, AXp Ip«-\m-Snsâ ]m«m-bn-cp-¶p. sXbvtXmw sXbvtXmw.... sXbvsXbvtXmw ...... hb-ks\ Xncn¨p In«ptam F¶v tKm]³ `b-¶-t¸m-gmWv ]m«p \nÀ¯n ho­pw hÀ¯-am\w XpS-§n-b-Xv. FÃm I­-¯nepw N{Iw Nhn-«p¶ cmhnse Ip«-\mSv ]m«n apgp-Ipw, shff sIm¡p-IÄ ]d¶v BImiw shff hncn-¡pw, Xmdmhp CS-t¯m-Sp-I-fn \r¯w sN¿pw, Iq«-¯n Nm¯sâ ]m«n-s\-s´m-co-W-am-bn-cp-¶p, Xmf-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ah\pw t]mbn, Hcp ag-¡m-e¯v ]\n-]n-Sn-¨v, ]\n-h¨p sIm­v N{Iw Nhn-«n-b-Xm.... Ipcp-ap-f-In«v c­p t\cw Iffpw tam´n c­p Znhkw IpSn-bn InS-¶n-cp-s¶-¦n Fsâ Nm¯³ t]mIn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. ]s£ ‘X{¼m³’k½-Xn-¡t­ ? AXp-sIm­m ]¸-\o-¸Wn ths­¶p Icp-Xn-b-Xv. R§-fmcpw tNcn ]pX-ªXv R§Ä¡p th­n-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ac-h-bÀ Iªnbpw Hcp sXm®³ Iffpw XoÀ¶p R§-fpsS Iqen. ]ns¶ ]ns¶ Rm³ X¡w t\m¡n ]m« Irjn XpS-§n. C¶v Rm³ ASn-a-b-Ã, \ne-ap-­v. ]£w Irjn-bn-Ã. Imew ]ngbv¡pw D¸p-sh-ffw tIdpw, Irjn-¡m-cn-Ã, sXmgn kacw thsd. F\n-¡ms« hb-km-bn. F¦nepw Iªn-¡p-f-f-Xp-Rm-\n-t¸mgpw sN¿pw. F\n¡v \Ã-cn-¡-ªn-th-Ww, C½nWn aXn.

        ]m­n-¶p-h-¶Xp IpSn-bv¡m³ F\n¡p ]än-Ã, F\n¡v tNdm-Sn-tbm, sN¼m-thm, Idp¯ Nmc-tbm, Xh-f-¡-®t\m AXp-t]mse F´-¦n-ep-ta-]-äp. acn-¡p-thmfw \Ãcn shffw ]ns¶ C½nWn Cf-\o-cpw. A[nIw th­, sshIn«v Aev]w thWw, AhÄ¡v CjvS-aà ]¸sâ `mcy-bv¡v, AhÄ ]pXp-tam-Sn-¡m-cym, ]¸\pw CjvS-a-Ãm-bn-cn¡pw H¶pw ]d-bn-Ã, ]e-t¸mgpw apdn-hm-Xn¡ hsc hcpw Kuc-h-¯n Fs¶ imkn-¡m-s\¶ a«n F´mSm ]¸m F¶p Rm³ tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ ]pen ]q¨-bm-Ipw. ]mhw Xncn¨p sNÃp-t¼mÄ In«p-¶p-­m-hpw. Rm\n-§s\ \S-¡p-¶Xpw Ipªns\ FSp-¡p-¶-Xpw, D½-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶Xpw It¨cn t]mIp-¶Xpw H¶pw AhÄ¡njvS-a-Ã. At¿m CsXm¶pw tam³ BtcmSpw ]d-b-tÃ-þ-]-¸-\-dn-ªm Ah\v hnj-a-am, AXp-sIm-­-h-t\mSpw ]d-bn-Ã, Bt« \½Ä ]d-ªp-h¶Xv Irjnsb Ipdn-¨tà ?

        As¶mcp \à Ime-am-bn-cp-¶p, ag NXn-¡nà C¶-t¯-t¸m-e-Ã, shffw aen-\-a-Ã. the-t¯mÀ¯-gn¨v Agn¨p tXhn-bm \nan-j-¯n-\Iw Hcp Idn-¡p-ff ]cÂao³ D¸pw Ipcp-ap-fIpw Im´m-cnbpsams¡ tNÀ¯p \à Fcn-hn-sem¶p ]än-¨m F´p cpNn-bm..... C¶p I­ntà ]«-W-¯nsâ apgp-h³ Agp¡pw h¶ ]mhw Ip«-\m-Sv. {_m©pw, tNäp-ao-\pw, Fcfpw t]mbn«v Hcp am\-¯p-I®n t]mep-an-Ã. tZ I­n-tÃ.... sIm¡n\p ]Icw HgpIn h¶ ¹mÌn-¡v. ]mSw \ndsb Irjn Dt]-£n¨v GtXm ]c-tZ-i-¯p¶p hcp¶ Acn ]pgp§n Xn¶m Imepw \o«n-bn-cn-¡p¶ ]p¯³ ]W-¡mÀ, a®pw shf-fhpw No¯-bm-Im³ a\p-jy\v A[nI-Im-e-an-Ã.

        Ie§fn \ns¶-gp-t¶-äXpw \S-¶Xpw Adn-ª-tX-bn-Ã. A{X-bv¡p-­m-bn-cp¶p hb-ksâ hÀ¯-am-\-¯nsâ el-cn, ap¼n It¨cn I­-t¸mÄ At§m«p Nq­ns¡m­v tIi-h-imÀ tKm]-t\m-Smbn Ft´m Ahy-à-ambn ]d-ªpsIm­v Hcp \S-¯, ]Sn-I-b-dn. It¨cn hmXn¡ sN¶v Imh \n¡p¶ t]meo-kp-Im-c-t\m-Smbn C§-s\mcp tNmZyw.

        ]¸-s\-t­mSm AI¯v ? Fsâ tam\m Xl-knÂZmÀ ]ß-\m-`³ þ Hcp \nanjw tKm]³ A´w hn«p \ns¶-¦nepw ]ns¶ a\-kn-embn t]meo-kp-Im-c\v CXv \nXy-\p-`-h-am-Wv. Npäpw \n¶ ]¯p-t]À tI«-tÃm. tIi-h-imÀ¡Xp aXn. hb-k³ D¯-c-¯n\p \n¡msX aS-¡-bm-{X-bm-bn. ]mhw HcNvOsâ, Hcp {Kmao-W-sâ, Hcp Irjn-¡m-csâ sIm¨p kt´m-jhpw henb tX§-epw. samss_ Hm^m¡n tKm]\pw aS-§n.

         

  

Article - Global Warming

ARTICLE : GLOBAL WARMING

SUBMITTED TO

Ms Sreena Sreedhar                                              

Lecturer in Social science              

SUBMITTED BY:

Krishna priya.K

BEd Social science

Mannam Memmorial Training College, Vilakkudy                                                         Candidate code:13354003

GLOBAL WARMING CAUSES & EFFECTS

Climate change is the single biggest environmental and humanitarian crisis of our time. The Earth's atmosphere is overloaded with heat-trapping carbon dioxide, which threatens large-scale disruptions in climate with disastrous consequences. We must act now to spur the adoption of cleaner energy sources at home and abroad. Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our planet. It is, in fact, the increase in the temperature of the earth’s neon- surface air. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has far-reaching impact on biodiversity and climatic conditions of the planet. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. In short, global warming represents a fundamental threat to all living things on earth.  Global average temperature rose significantly during the past century.

 The prevailing scientific view is that most of the temperature increases since mid-20th century has been caused by increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations produced by human activity. Most scientists agree that planet’s temperature has risen 0.5 degree Celsius since 1900 and will continue to increase at an increasing rate. As a result, the world is getting warmer. The year 1990 was the hottest year in the last century. Unfortunately, the imbalance which we have created between our life and earth is already showing the signs disasters in the form of flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc. If the imbalance continues to rise, one day this will pose a question mark on the existence of this planet. Carbon dioxide (C02) which is an important constituent of environment is causing a warming effect on the earth’s surface.  It increases the evaporation of water into the atmosphere. Since water vapour itself is a greenhouse gas, this causes still more warming. The warming causes more water vapour to be evaporated. The C02 level is expected to rise in future due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and landuse change. The rate of rise will depend largely on uncertain economic, sociological, technological and natural developments. Other gases such as methane, CFCs, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone are also responsible for global warming. Increases in all these gases are due to explosive population growth, increased industrial expansion, technological advancement, deforestation and growing urbanisation, etc. Trees play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. They are the largest land-based mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the air. Deforestation is checking these positive processes. It is the second principle cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is responsible for 25 per cent of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of 34 million acres of trees each year. Everyday over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed. As a consequence of massive loss of forests, global CO, levels rise approximately 0.4 per cent each year, the levels not experienced on this planet for millions of years. As we know the forests are the great absorbers of CO,,. There is a close relation between global warming and population growth.

 Today the large population on earth is using the technologies which are destructive for the earth. Approximately, 80 per cent of atmospheric C02 increases are due to man’s use of fossil fuels either in the form of coal, gas or oil. A large portion of carbon emission is attributed to the burning of gasoline in internal-combustion engine of vehicles. Vehicles with poor gas mileage contribute the most to global warming. Besides, the sulphur group gas is the most harmful for this. Its contribution is 30 per cent in global warming. This gas is also emitted from the burning of fossil fuels.  Increase in global temperatures will cause rise in sea level lead to melting of glaciers, changes in rainfall patterns, increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather. As per the latest survey report the rate of melting of glaciers has seen sharp increase in recent times. Even those glaciers are affected from global warming which have been considered permanent. The shrinking of glaciers is going to pose a major problem of drinking water. In addition, forestation can be of great help in this regard. Planting more trees and reducing timber cuts worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Secondly, we must follow on environmental policy of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’, i.e. promoting the reuse of anything. Thirdly, the use of fuel-efficient vehicles should be promoted as these vehicles have lower emissions of harmful gases. Fourthly, every individual should be aware of the importance of the protecting environment.  Besides, eco- friendly technologies must be promoted, and must be substituted with the technologies which cause great emission of global warming gases. Public awareness campaign can be of great help in this regard because unless each and every individual is aware only governments’ effect cannot bring desired difference.